Vogt–Koyanagi–Harada (VKH) syndrome is a rare autoimmune condition that primarily affects the eyes but can also involve the skin, nervous system, and auditory structures. It occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks melanocyte-containing tissues, leading to inflammation that can severely impact visual function if not managed promptly.

One of the defining features of VKH syndrome is bilateral uveitis, particularly affecting the posterior segment of the eye. Patients often experience blurred vision, light sensitivity, eye pain, and visual field disturbances. In the early stages, inflammation of the choroid and retina can cause serous retinal detachments, significantly impairing sight.

Beyond ocular symptoms, VKH syndrome may present with neurological manifestations such as headaches, neck stiffness, and tinnitus. Dermatological signs, including vitiligo, alopecia, and poliosis, may develop in later stages, reflecting the systemic nature of the disease. These multisystem effects highlight the complexity of VKH syndrome and the need for coordinated medical care.

Early diagnosis plays a critical role in preserving vision. Advanced imaging techniques, including optical coherence tomography and fluorescein angiography, help clinicians identify characteristic inflammatory changes. Prompt initiation of therapy can reduce the risk of chronic inflammation and long-term complications such as glaucoma, cataracts, and permanent vision loss.

Understanding the pathophysiology of VKH syndrome has improved clinical outcomes. By recognizing the autoimmune mechanisms involved, clinicians can tailor treatment strategies to suppress inflammation and protect ocular structures. With timely intervention and long-term monitoring, many patients can maintain functional vision and quality of life despite the chronic nature of the condition.